/p/2026-10-22 · explainer
Paper explainer · 2610.27655 · Yang and Shi

Three agents lost to one.

Split an agent into a planner, a tool-caller and a policy checker and you are supposed to get a more careful agent. Charged to the same per-conversation budget of generated tokens as the single agent it replaced, over 7,950 policy-bound customer conversations, the split scored lower in 12 of 13 model-and-domain cells and tied in the last — 28 points worse on average. Three quarters of that loss is conversations that ran out of budget before they finished. Remove the ceiling and the split draws level, at 5.5× the tokens.

01 · The rule

move the crossing point

02 · The grid

filter by domain
the split scored lower the split scored higher dashed line: the two systems tie

03 · The budget

how much rope the split gets

at a ceiling of one single-agent budget at four

04 · Where the loss goes

05 · Your own stack illustrative

Results

What the paper actually measured

What it does not show

In practice